I te tau 2025, kei te tere haere te umanga paninga ki ngā whāinga rua o te "whakawhitinga matomato" me te "whakapai ake i te mahi." I roto i ngā mara paninga teitei pēnei i te motuka me te tereina, kua whanake ngā paninga wai mai i ngā "kōwhiringa rerekē" ki ngā "kōwhiringa matua" nā te iti o ngā tukunga VOC, te haumaru, me te kore-paitini. Heoi, hei whakatutuki i ngā tono o ngā horopaki tono uaua (hei tauira, te haumākū nui me te waikura kaha) me ngā whakaritenga teitei ake a ngā kaiwhakamahi mō te roa me te mahi o te paninga, kei te haere tonu ngā whanaketanga hangarau i roto i ngā paninga polyurethane wai (WPU). I te tau 2025, kua werohia e ngā auahatanga ahumahi i roto i te arotautanga tauira, te whakarerekētanga matū, me te hoahoa mahi he kaha hou ki roto i tēnei rāngai.
Te Whakahōhonu i te Pūnaha Taketake: Mai i te "Whakatikatika Tauwehenga" ki te "Taurite Mahi"
Hei "kaiārahi mahi" i waenga i ngā paninga wai o nāianei, ko te polyurethane wai-rua-wāhanga (WB 2K-PUR) kei mua i te wero matua: te whakataurite i te ōwehenga me te mahi a ngā pūnaha polyol. I tēnei tau, i whakahaerehia e ngā rōpū rangahau he tūhuratanga hōhonu ki ngā pānga mahi tahi o te polyol polyether (PTMEG) me te polyol polyester (P1012).
I ngā wā o mua, ka whakarei ake te polyol polyester i te kaha miihini me te mātotoru o te paninga nā te mea he mātotoru ngā here hauwai i waenga i ngā ngota ngota, engari ka whakaitihia te ātete wai nā te kaha o te hydrophilicity o ngā rōpū ester i te tāpiritanga nui. I whakamanahia e ngā whakamātautau ina 40% (g/g) o te pūnaha polyol te P1012, ka tutuki he "taurite koura": ka whakanuia e ngā here hauwai te mātotoru hononga ā-tinana me te kore e nui te hydrophilicity, ka arotau i te mahi whānui o te paninga—tae atu ki te ātete rehu tote, te ātete wai, me te kaha kume. Mā tēnei whakatau ka whakaratohia he aratohu mārama mō te hoahoa tauira taketake WB 2K-PUR, inā koa mō ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te anga motuka me ngā wāhanga whakarewa waka tereina e hiahia ana ki te mahi miihini me te ātete waikura.
"Te Whakakotahi i te Pūmau me te Ngāwari": Ka Wetekina e te Whakarerekētanga Matū ngā Rohe Mahi Hou
Ahakoa he "whakatikatika pai" te arotautanga ōwehenga taketake, ko te whakarerekētanga matū he "pekenga kounga" mō te polyurethane wai. E rua ngā ara whakarerekētanga i tū pakari i tēnei tau:
Ara 1: Whakareitanga Pūmau me te Polysiloxane me ngā Terpene Derivatives
Mā te whakakotahitanga o te polysiloxane iti-pūngao-mata (PMMS) me ngā tātaitanga terpene hydrophobic ka whakawhiwhia te WPU ki ngā āhuatanga takirua o te "superhydrophobicity + high rigidity." I whakaritea e ngā kairangahau te polysiloxane hydroxyl-terminated (PMMS) mā te whakamahi i te 3-mercaptopropylmethyldimethoxysilane me te octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, kātahi ka honoa te isobornyl acrylate (he tātaitanga o te camphene i ahu mai i te koiora) ki ngā mekameka taha PMMS mā te tauhohenga pāwhiri thiol-ene i tīmatahia e te UV hei hanga i te polysiloxane e hangai ana ki te terpene (PMMS-I).
I whakaatuhia e te WPU kua whakarerekētia ngā whakapainga whakamiharo: i piki te koki pa o te wai pumau mai i te 70.7° ki te 101.2° (e tata ana ki te kaha wai-kore e rite ana ki te rau rōhi), i heke te mimiti wai mai i te 16.0% ki te 6.9%, ā, i piki ake te kaha kume mai i te 4.70MPa ki te 8.82MPa nā te hanganga mowhiti terpene pakari. I whakaatuhia hoki e te tātaritanga thermogravimetric te pumau wera kua piki ake. Ka tukuna e tēnei hangarau he otinga "ātete-paru me te ātete-huarere" kua whakauruhia mō ngā wāhanga o waho o te waka tereina pēnei i ngā panera tuanui me ngā taha taha.
Ara 2: Mā te Hononga Polyimine ka taea te whakamahi i te hangarau "Whakaora-ā-iwi"
Kua puta te whakaora-ā-koe hei hangarau rongonui i roto i ngā paninga, ā, nā te rangahau o tēnei tau i whakakotahi me te mahi ā-pūkaha a te WPU kia tutuki ai ngā putanga rua i roto i te "mahi teitei + te kaha whakaora-ā-koe." Ko te WPU honohono i whakaritea ki te polybutylene glycol (PTMG), te isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), me te polyimine (PEI) hei hononga honohono i whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha whakamiharo: te kaha kume o te 17.12MPa me te roa i te whati o te 512.25% (tata ki te ngāwari o te rapa).
He mea nui, ka ora tonu i roto i ngā hāora 24 i te 30°C—ka hoki ki te kaha kume 3.26MPa me te roanga 450.94% i muri i te whakatikatika. Nā tēnei he tino pai mō ngā wāhanga e rakuraku ana pērā i ngā parepare waka me ngā roto o te tereina, ka tino whakaiti i ngā utu tiaki.
"Mana Atamai Nanoscale": He "Huringa Mata" mō ngā Paninga Ārai-Paruparu
Ko te ārai-graffiti me te ngāwari ki te horoi ngā mea matua e hiahiatia ana mō ngā paninga kounga teitei. I tēnei tau, i arohia te paninga ātete-paru (NP-GLIDE) i runga i ngā "nanopool PDMS rite-wai". Ko tōna kaupapa matua ko te hono i ngā mekameka taha polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) ki runga i te tuara polyol ka taea te whakamarara i te wai mā te polyol-g-PDMS copolymer hono, ka hanga i ngā "nanopools" he iti iho i te 30nm te whānui.
Mā te whakarei ake i te PDMS i roto i ēnei nanopools ka hoatu he mata "rite ki te wai" ki te paninga—ka paheke atu ngā wai whakamātautau katoa me te taumahatanga mata neke atu i te 23mN/m (hei tauira, te kawhe, ngā paru hinu) me te kore e waiho he tohu. Ahakoa te pakeke o te 3H (tata ki te karāhe noa), ka mau tonu te mahi ārai-paru pai o te paninga.
I tua atu, i whakaarohia he rautaki ārai-graffiti "ārai tinana + horoi ngawari": te whakauru i te trimer IPDI ki roto i te polyisocyanate HDT hei whakarei ake i te kiato kiriata me te aukati i te urunga graffiti, me te whakahaere i te hekenga o ngā wāhanga silicone/fluorine kia roa ai te mau o te kaha mata iti. I te whakakotahitanga me te DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis) mō te whakahaere tika i te kiato hononga whakawhiti me te XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) mō te tautuhi i te hekenga atanga, kua rite tēnei hangarau mō te ahumahi, ā, e tumanakohia ana ka noho hei paearu hou mō te ārai-paru i roto i te peita motuka me ngā anga hua 3C.
Whakamutunga
I te tau 2025, kei te neke te hangarau paninga WPU mai i te "whakapai ake i te mahi kotahi" ki te "whakaurunga maha-mahi." Ahakoa mā te arotautanga tātai taketake, ngā putanga whakarerekētanga matū, ngā auahatanga hoahoa mahi rānei, ko te arorau matua e huri ana ki te whakakotahi i te "hoa ki te taiao" me te "mahi teitei." Mō ngā ahumahi pēnei i te motuka me te tereina, kāore ēnei ahunga whakamua hangarau e whakaroa noa i te roa o te paninga me te whakaiti i ngā utu tiaki engari ka akiaki hoki i ngā whakapainga rua i roto i te "hanga matomato" me te "wheako kaiwhakamahi mutunga teitei."
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 14-2025