He rauemi matū hou nui te polyurethane. Nā tōna mahi tino pai me te whānuitanga o te whakamahinga, e mōhiotia ana ko te "kirihou tuarima nui rawa atu". Mai i ngā taonga whare, ngā kākahu, ki te kawe waka, te hanga, ngā hākinakina, me te hanganga rererangi me te tiaki whenua, ko ngā rauemi polyurethane e kitea whānuitia ana he māngai auaha o ngā rauemi matū hou, ā, he tautoko nui hoki mō tōku whenua ki te hanga i tētahi whenua kaha.
I muri i te neke atu i te 20 tau o te whanaketanga tere o te umanga rauemi mata polyurethane, kua whakaatuhia he panoni mai i te rahinga ki te kounga. Ko te hangarau whakaputa me te kaha whakaputa o te isocyanate kua noho hei rangatira i te ao. Kua uru ki te wā whakatairanga hangarau kua uru ki te whanaketanga kounga teitei. I tēnei wā, kua riro a Haina hei turanga whakaputa rauemi mata me te hua polyurethane nui rawa atu o te ao, me te rohe tino oti i roto i te mara o ngā tono polyurethane.
Hei tāpiritanga matua mō te polyurethane, ko ngā kaihoko whakawhānui polyurethane he matū ka taea te tauhohe ki ngā tauhohenga rōpū mahi i runga i te mekameka polymer raina hei whakawhānui i te mekameka ngota me te whakanui ake i te taumaha ngota. He rauemi mata nui tēnei mō te hanga i ngā hua polyurethane maha. I roto i te hanganga o ngā rauemi polyurethane, ka taea e ngā kaihoko whakawhānui polyurethane te whakatutuki i ngā tauhohenga matū e rua: te whakawhānui me te hononga whakawhiti hei whakatutuki i te hanga rauemi polyurethane kounga teitei, pērā i te whakarei ake i te pakari, te ngāwari, me te taumata haehae o ngā hua rauemi polyurethane, me te taumata haehae. Ko te mahi whānui ā-ahupūngao me te matū o te ātete pāmahana, te ātete hinu, te ātete huarere me te ātete waikura.
Te tūranga me te whakarōpūtanga o te kaihoko whakawhānui mekameka polyurethane
Ko te kaiāwhina whakawhanui polyurethane e pā ana ki ngā matū amine me te waipiro iti-ngota kei roto ngā rōpū mahi e rua, ka taea te whakaputa i tētahi polymer momo-rārangi mā te tauhohenga whakawhanui mekameka. Mā te whakamahi i ngā kaiāwhina whakawhanui mekameka rerekē, mā te whakarerekē rānei i te tātai whakawhanui mekameka, ka tutuki ngā tauhohenga matū o ngā tere rerekē, ā, ka puta ngā rauemi polyurethane me ngā whakaritenga mahi rerekē.
Ko te mahi a ngā kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka polyurethane i roto i ngā tauhohenga hanga polyurethane ko:
(1) He rōpū āhuatanga tō te mekameka whakawhanui polyurethane (rōpū amino me te rōpū hydroxyl) ka taea te mahi i ngā tauhohenga matū me te isocyanate. Mā te taumaha ngota me te tauhohenga oraora ka tere te whakawhanui, te whakapakeke rānei o te pūnaha tauhohenga polyurethane, ka puta he aho me te taumaha ngota nui ake. He rite te mahi a ngā ngota ki te polymer.
(2) He rerekē te tauhohenga o ngā whakaroa mekameka rerekē. Mā te whakamahi i ngā momo rerekē o ngā kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka me te horopeta, ka whakarerekētia te matotoru o te tauhohenga, ngā ngota me ngā hanganga āhua kia urutau ki te hanga polyurethane me ngā hua o ngā pūnaha rerekē me ngā whakaritenga kounga.
(3) Ka taea e ngā momo kaiārahi polyurethane te hoatu i ngā āhuatanga rerekē ki te polyurethane, ā, ka whakaurua ētahi hanganga rōpū āhuatanga i roto i ngā ngota whakawhānui mekameka ki roto i te mekameka matua o te polyurethane, ka pā ki te mahi hangarau me te matū whānui o te polyurethane, pērā i te kaha me te ātete ki te pakū, te ātete ki te ngenge, te ātete ki te pāmahana, te ātete ki te huarere, te ātete ki te hinu, te ātete ki te waikura, me ētahi atu.
Ko ngā kaihoko whakawhanui polyurethane e wehea whānuitia ana ki te amine, te waipiro, me te waipiro. Mai i te whakamahinga o ngā pūnaha tukanga me ngā hanganga mahi, ko te whakawhanui me te diol e ahu mai ana i te pūnaha tukanga me te hanganga mahi. Ko ngā kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka momo whakawhanui tuku iho pērā i te ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanol, me te dihydramol kotahi-whakaiti, me ētahi atu, he iti noa te mahi ki ngā hua polyurethane, ā, he kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka noa. Ko te kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka me te mahi mārama o ngā rauemi polyurethane ko ngā wāhanga e rua: te dihanramine kakara me te diol kakara. Ka kiia he kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka mahi-teitei. He mowhiti benzene pakari tōna. Mana, ātete ki te pakū, ātete waenga me ētahi atu āhuatanga.
Ehara i te mea he tāpiri matua nui te kaiāwhina whakawhanui diharamine kakara mō ngā rauemi raupapa polyurethane hangai anake. Ko ia te kaiāwhina whakawhanui mekameka polyurethane tino whānui, tino kino, me te tino nui rawa atu.
Ko ngā tinana polyurethane tuku iho e whakapūmauhia ana mā te tikanga e rua ngā taahiraa, arā, ngā mea hanga-mua, kātahi ka whakapūmauhia ki ngā kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka hei whakamātotoru. I runga i te momo isocyanate, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā mea kua oti te hanga ki ngā momo TDI me MDI. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā mea e rua, he iti te kaha o te tauhohenga TDI, ā, ko te nuinga o te wā ka rite ki ngā kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka amine tino kaha; he teitei te kaha o te tauhohenga MDI kua oti te hanga, ā, he iti ake te hiri hydroxyl kaha o te kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka hydroxyl. E ai ki ngā whakaritenga o ngā whakamahinga me te mahi a te hua, he mea tino nui te whiriwhiri i te kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka tika i muri i te kōwhiringa i muri i te momo isocyanate.
Ngā momo hua whakawhānui mekameka polyurethane mahi-teitei me ngā āhuatanga tono
2.1 Ko te kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka amine dihan arammer matua
Nā te tino pai o te mahi me te kounga teitei, ko te kaihoko whakawhanui dihamine kakara te kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka tino noa, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana hoki i roto i ngā rauemi polyurethane rapa.
Ko ngā kaihoko whakawhanui dianramine kakara e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te 3, 3′-dichlori-4, 4′-diodes (MOCA: momo I, momo Ⅱ, ātete pāmahana teitei, me ētahi atu), 1,3-propylene glycol Double (4-amino benzoate) (740m), 4,4′-sub-base-double (3-chlorine-2,6-diecene aniline) (M-CDEA), polyphamorethyl ether Diol two-pair aminbenzoate (P-1000, P-650, P-250, me ētahi atu), 3,5-two ethylene torneramine (DETDA, e mōhiotia ana ko E-100), 3,5-diracle Sulfenylene (DMTDA, e mōhiotia ana ko E-300) me ētahi atu hua.
Ko te tirohanga whānui o ngā āhuatanga tono me te whanaketanga o ngā hua matua koia ēnei:
Ko te kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka MOCA te kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka mahi-teitei ngaio tuatahi kua haumihia ki te hanga ahumahi i tōku whenua. He āhua totoka i te pāmahana rūma. He āhuatanga ōna o ngā hua polyurethane ka taea te whakamahi i runga i te haumaru me te watea, ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga o ngā whakatakotoranga me ngā āhua rerekē. Ko te ngāwari o ngā polyurethane he kaha teitei, he kaha te whakahoki, he kaha te ātete ki te kakahu, he ātete kaha, he ātete ki te waikura me ētahi atu āhuatanga whānui. Ka taea e ia te hanga hua rahi. He mahi whānui o ngā kaihoko whakawhanui kakara. Mai i te whanaketanga o DuPont i te tekau tau atu i 1950, kua noho a MOCA i tētahi tūranga nui i roto i te mara o te ngāwari o te polyurethane. Koia te kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka polyurethane nui rawa atu i tēnei wā. He mea nui ake i roto i te mara o te ngāwari o te polyurethane ringihia. I tēnei wā, ko ngā kaihanga MOCA rongonui i Haina ko: Suzhou Xiangyuan New Materials Co., Ltd. (apiti a Jiangsu Xiangyuan Chemical Company), Huaibei Xingguang New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Shandong Chongshun New Material Technology Co., Ltd. Hua Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (i mua ko Binhai Mingsheng Chemical Co., Ltd.), Chizhou Tianci High-tech Materials Co., Ltd., hei tāpiritanga ki tēnā, ko Taiwan Shuangbang Industrial Co., Ltd., Taiwan Sanhuang Co., Ltd., me Katshan Kohshan Perfect Industry Co., Ltd.
I ngā tau tata nei, i raro i te kaiārahi o ngā kamupene Hainamana, kua tino matatau haere te hangarau whakaputa a MOCA. Hei tauira, ka taea e Xiangyuan New Materials te wikitoria i te raruraru o te hauora o ngā kaimahi, te parahanga nui, me te koretake o te pumau o te whakaputanga hauwai me te hauwai me te hauwai. Mā te tikanga tonu ka whakahohehia te hauwai me te hauwai o ngā oro kounga teitei me ngā tukanga whakaputa MOCA, ka tutuki ai te aunoatanga, te whakaputanga kua kati katoa, te whakaputanga matomato, te whakatutuki i ngā whakarewa, te kore puehu, te whakaiti i te whakapaunga penapena pūngao me te kore tukunga. Kua noho te taputapu whakaputa MOCA tonu hei kaihanga hua rongonui o te ao mō te kaihoko whakawhānui mekameka polyurethane.
Hei tāpiritanga, i whakawhanakehia hoki e Xiangyuan New Materials ngā kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka raupapa Xylink740M me Xylink P, hei whakatinana i te ahumahi o tēnei raupapa hua, hei whakatairanga i ngā kaihanga rauemi polyurethane ki te whakapai ake i te kounga, te whakaiti i ngā utu, me te whakawhānui ake i ngā tono.
2.2 Ko te kaihoko whakawhanui diol kakara matua
Ko ngā mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei whakanui i te diol kakara ko te phenyl-phenolic hydroxyxyl-based ether (HQEE), te interciphenylbenols, te hydroxyl ether (HER), me te ranunga phenolic pyrodhenol hydroxyethyl-based (HQEE-L), te ranunga Hydroxyethylhhexybenol (HER-L), me ētahi atu, e whakamahia ana mō ngā rauemi polyurethane mō ngā pūnaha tukanga MDI, he mea whakawhanui mekameka kore-paitini, he momo parahanga. Ko te tirohanga whānui o ngā āhuatanga tono me te whanaketanga o ngā hua matua ko:
Ko te kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka HQEE he kaihoko whakawhanui diol kakara ōrite te hanganga ngota. He matūriki totoka, kāore he paitini, kāore he parahanga, ā, he whakapataritari hoki. He pai te hototahitanga ki te MDI, ā, ka taea te whakaroa i te roa o te ora o te rauemi. Kua whakawhanakehia e Xiangyuan New Materials ngā kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka raupapa HQEE, HER, Xylink HQEE-L, Xylinkher-L. He teitei ake te kounga i ngā hua rite i te kāinga me tāwāhi, ā, ka hokona ngā hua i te kāinga me tāwāhi.
2.3 Ētahi atu kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka kakara me te mahi motuhake
I te pikinga ake o ngā mara polyurethane e puta ake ana, kua whakatairangahia tonutia ngā kaihoko whakawhānui polyurethane hou me ngā hangarau tono hei whakatutuki i te hiahia mō te mākete polyurethane. Kua whakawhanakehia e ngā umanga whakaputa he maha ngā kaihoko whakawhānui mekameka kakara mahi motuhake.
Ko te Tianmen Winterine (DMD230) he mekameka whakawhanui kei roto e rua ngā kurupae amino-kore, e whakamahia ana mō te whakarite i ngā paninga kore-whakarewa, i ngā paninga totoka-nui rānei. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā polyette rehu noa, he tauhohenga taurite te hua, he pai te mahi whakahaere, he pai te whai huatanga hanga, ā, he tino pai te mahi whānui o te hua. He kanapa pai me ngā pānga kitea ki ngā polycoges i roto i te whakarite i te polycisotripocyanate pūhaumāota momona, he ngāwari me ngā āhuatanga miihini pai, he ātete ki ngā huringa kōwhai-ātete, he ātete waikura pai, he ātete huarere pai, ā, he roa ake te tiaki. Haunga ngā piriti, ngā kauhanga, me ngā momo papa me ngā tohu rori, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i roto i ngā tono teitei pēnei i ngā paninga tiaki me ngā paninga hiako hiato herikopata o ngā mata hau. Mā te whakaputa ahumahi me te whakatairanga i tēnei hua ka āwhina i te whanaketanga kounga teitei o ngā paninga.
Ko te mararatanga (311) o ngā matū kakara diharamine me te konutai pūhaumāota (311) he momo whakataurite o te diharamine kakara me ngā tote kore-waro. Ka taea te whakataurite ki ngā momo polyurethane pre-polystants i te pāmahana rūma. He tino pai mō ngā āhua uaua, ngā hua nui rānei. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ngā hua rohe, te whakamomona i roto i te ngaruiti, me ētahi atu wā e hiahia ana ki te wā mahi roa, hei rongoā mō te kapia epoxy. Ko ngā hua rite ko Caytur 31DA i te United States, Xylink 311, Xiangyuan New Materials.
Ka taea e ētahi atu matū whakaora i raro i te wai pērā i te oxidazole, te ketone amine, me ētahi atu te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te paninga, te whakaputa rānei i ngā mirumiru i roto i te akomanga waenga o te whakaora, ā, he wāhi anō hoki mō te whanaketanga.
Tuatahi, te āhua whanaketanga o ngā kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka polyurethane
He ngoikore te turanga whanaketanga o te umanga whakawhānui polyurethane o tōku whenua. I ngā rā tōmua, ko te mākete whakawhānui mekameka polyurethane ā-rohe kua noho tonu hei mana pupuri mā ngā umanga ao whānui. Mai i te taenga mai o tēnei rautau, kua angitu te pakaru o ngā mana pupuri o tāwāhi e tētahi rōpū kamupene whakawhānui mekameka polyurethane ā-rohe, e tohuhia ana e Xiangyuan New Materials, whai muri i ngā tau o te R&D me te kohikohi hangarau. Kua eke ētahi o ngā hua whakawhānui mekameka polyurethane o tōku whenua ki te taumata o ngā hua o te ao.
Hei te kaihoko whakawhānui polyurethane amine tino whānui, he pakari, he taurite, he tika hoki te tukanga whakaputa a MOCA. I roto i te mara o te ringihanga tinana rapa i roto i ngā tono o raro, inā koa te pūnaha TDI, he maha ngā hua polyurethane kua kohia he maha ngā tauira pakeke o ngā hua polyurethane. Kua whakamatautauria te pumau me te mahi a Essence MOCA i muri i ngā tau maha o te mahi mākete me te kiritaki. He tino teitei te utu. Whai muri i ngā tau maha o te whakamahinga, kua puta he arai tukanga. He tūranga kore e taea te whakakapi, ā, kei te whānui tonu te mara tono.
I te 30 o Noema, 2017, i whakaputa te Tari Matū o Ūropi i tētahi pūrongo, hei whakahaere i te tiwhikete EU Reach. Whai muri i te whakatairite i ngā mōrearea haumaru, te mahi, me ngā utu, i whakaarohia he tino pai te kounga o te hua o te MOCA, te mahi, te whai huatanga utu me ētahi atu painga, ā, kāore he huarahi kē atu i tēnei wā.
I tīmata tōmuri te umanga whakawhānui polyurethane Hainamana. I ngā rā tōmua, nā te iti o te taumata hangarau whakaputa, te ngoikore o ngā rauemi mata tautoko, me te koretake o ngā pūkenga R&D, kua noho te mākete whakawhānui mekameka polyurethane ā-rohe hei mea mana motuhake mā ngā umanga ao whānui. Tae noa ki te tekau tau atu i 1990, he maha ngā kaihanga whakawhānui mekameka polyurethane ā-rohe i angitu ki te pakaru i ngā mana motuhake hangarau o tāwāhi i muri i ngā tau o te R&D me te kohikohi hangarau, ā, i eke te mahi a ētahi hua kaihoko whakawhānui mekameka polyurethane ki te taumata o ngā hua o te ao. Ina koa, ko ngā rauemi hou a Xiangyuan kua arahi i te hanga i tētahi taputapu whakaputa MOCA tonu taumata 10,000 tana. Ko te kounga hua me te taumata hangarau i eke ki te taumata matatau me te taumata ārahi ā-rohe o te ao. I tēnei wā, kua taea e ngā kaihanga MOCA ā-rohe te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te ionamine kore utu. Ko te MOCA kirikiri me te MOCA huri-kōwhai pāmahana teitei i roto i ngā hua raupapa MOCA e paingia ana e te umanga polyurethane.
Ko te "Mahere Tau Rima Tekau mā Rua mō te" Mahere Tau Rima Tekau mā Rua "o te umanga polyurethane e whakaaro ana, hei tāpiritanga ki te whakawhānui i te tauine whakaputa o te MOCA whakawhanui mekameka kounga teitei, me whakanui ake hoki te whakatairanga me te tono o ngā kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka hou MCDEA, E-100, HER, HQEE me ētahi atu hua. I runga i ngā hua raupapa MOCA, me te kanorau o ngā rauemi me ngā hua polyurethane, kua puta mai hoki ētahi atu hua whakawhanui mekameka hou, e hanga ana i tētahi tahora rerekē me ngā hua MOCA.
I te haere tonu o te whakapainga o te rangahau me te whanaketanga hangarau, he pai ngā hua hou o ngā kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka kakara mahi-teitei ki te tere urupare, te ātete pāmahana teitei, te mahi, te haumaru me te tiaki taiao. Kua āta pakeke haere te tono, ā, kei te haere tonu te whānui o te tono. Hei tauira, nā te P-1000, P650, P250, 740M, nā ōna āhuatanga matomato, hoa taiao, kore-paitini, i āta whakatuwhera te mākete tono ki ngā mara maha. I ngā tau tata nei, me te whanaketanga me te tipu o tētahi pūnaha MDI hoa taiao ake, kua āta piki haere te tauine whakamahi o ngā kaihoko whakawhanui dial kakara mahi-teitei pērā i te HQEE me te HER me te hototahi pai ake me te hototahi ki te pūnaha MDI, e hoatu ana ki te polyurethane he tino pai te tinana o te tinana, he mahi motuhake pērā i te ātete wera me te kaha haehae. Haunga te hanga hua ringihanga, ka taea hoki e ia te whakaputa hua elastomic thermoplastic mahi-teitei, ka taea te whakaora. I roto i ngā wāhi tono me ngā whakaritenga mahi-teitei mō ngā rauemi polyurethane i ngā whenua whakawhanake me ētahi rauemi polyurethane, kei te hohonu haere te tono mō ngā kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka pērā i te 740m, HQEE, HER. He rerekē ngā painga o te kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka hou i roto i ngā wāhanga motuhake, ā, he teitei te paepae hangarau. I tēnei wā, kei te wāhanga whakatairanga tonu te mākete ā-rohe.
Te tauira whanaketanga o te umanga whakawhānui mekameka polyurethane
Kua roa te whanaketanga o te umanga polyurethane i Amerika Te Raki me Ūropi ki te Hauāuru. He kaha te kaha hangarau o te umanga i roto i te umanga, ā, kua pakeke te mākete. I taua wā anō, he nui ake ngā whakaritenga mahi a ngā kaihoko i ēnei rohe mō ngā hua polyurethane, ā, he tere ake te tono mō ngā kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka hou i te MOCA. I tēnei wā, ko ngā whenua whakawhanake pērā i a Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika te nuinga o te tono mō ngā kaihoko whakawhanui mekameka hou.
Ko te nui o te whakamahinga o te polyurethane i te rohe o Āhia-Kiwa me ētahi atu whenua e tipu ake ana te kaha matua mō te tono polyurethane o te ao. I roto i ēnei, ko te rohe o Āhia-Kiwa te mākete kaihoko polyurethane nui rawa atu o te ao, e 48% te wāhanga mākete o te ao; kei te piki haere hoki te tono mō te polyurethane i roto i ngā whare, ngā rauemi hanga, ngā taonga whare me ētahi atu ahumahi i ētahi atu whenua e tipu ake ana. Heoi, ki te whakaritea ki ngā whenua whakawhanake i Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika, kei te tīmatanga tonu te whanaketanga o ētahi o ēnei rohe i roto i ēnei rohe. He tino aro nui rātou ki te utu o ngā rauemi mata i roto i te umanga polyurethane, ā, he nui ake te aro ki te utu me te mahi utu. I te heke mai, i te heke mai, ka mau tonu te tono nui mō ngā MOCA utu nui i tēnei rohe.
I tēnei wā, ko ngā kamupene whānui polyurethane nui o te ao, pērā i te Kazaka Kagosan Perfect Industry Co., Ltd., te United States Air Chemical (te hokonga mai i Winchuang i te tau 2016), me te United States Coco (i hokona e Langsheng i te tau 2017), me ētahi atu, i whakahaere i te ao katoa. Ko te nuinga o te wāhanga mākete o ngā kaihoko whānui mekameka, ko ētahi kamupene iti kāore i te whakapai ake i te pūnaha rangahau ahumahi-whare wānanga kua whakakorea e te pānga o te kounga hua me te utu, ā, kua piki ake te kukū o te ahumahi whānui mekameka. I taua wā anō, ka whakawhirinaki hoki ngā kamupene nui ki te kaha o te whakapaipai me te papamuri rangahau me te whanaketanga hei whakawhānui i ngā rauemi mata ngaio me te tauine whakaputa hua, me te whakatū i ngā turanga whakaputa nui me ngā pokapū hoko me te R&D ā-motu i ngā wāhi he pai ngā rauemi, ngā mākete, me ngā āhuatanga mahi.
5. Te āhua o nāianei me te ahunga whanaketanga o ngā kaihoko whakawhanui polyurethane
Hei tāpiritanga nui mō ngā rauemi polyurethane, ko ngā kaihoko whakawhānui polyurethane te nuinga e whakamahia ana i roto i te pūnaha CASE (tae atu ki ngā paninga, ngā piripiri, ngā hiri me ngā tinana rapa) i roto i ngā rauemi polyurethane. I roto i ēnei, ko te tinana rapa polyurethane he rauemi hanga polymer i waenga i te rapa whānui me te kirihou. He teitei te rapa me te pakeke me te kaha teitei o te kirihou. 5 ki te 10 ngā wā), he ingoa rongonui mō te "kingi o te rapa ātete-mau" ā, he pai te kaha miihini, te ātete hinu, te ātete matū, te ātete piko me te ātete pāmahana iti me te mahi whakamahana. Haunga te momo ringihanga tuku iho me te tinana rapa polyurethane thermoplastic, kei roto hoki i te rauemi tinana rapa polyurethane ngā piripiri, ngā paninga, te hiri, ngā rauemi papa, te kapu, te hiako hanga, te muka, me ētahi atu ka huri hei rauemi polyurethane rapa. Nā te whakapai tonu o te taumata hangarau, kua whakakapia te rapa polyurethane rapa, kirihou, me ngā konganuku i roto i ngā momo mara pēnei i ngā motuka, ngā maina, te tā, ngā taputapu, te tukatuka mīhini, ngā hākinakina, me te kawe waka.
E ai ki ngā tatauranga mai i ngā tari e tika ana, ko te kai o te CASE polyurethane Hainamana (tinana rapa, paninga, hiako hangai, hiri me ngā whakapiripiri) i te tau 2021 he 7.77 miriona tana, ā, ko te tere tipu ā-tau toharite o te 11.5% i te tau 2016-2021 he 11.5%.
Ko te ngāwari o te polyurethane Hainamana i te tau 2016 he 925,000 tana, ā, ko te putanga i te tau 2021 i eke ki te 1.5 miriona tana, me te tere tipu ā-tau o te 10.2%; ko te tere tipu toharite o te kai he 12.5%. E matapaetia ana i te tau 2025, ka eke te putanga tinana polyurethane ngāwari o tōku whenua ki te 2.059 miriona tana, ā, ka tere tonu te whanaketanga.
I te ao whānui, i eke te putanga o ngā elastomer polyurethane o te ao ki te 2.52 miriona tana i te tau 2016, ā, ki te 3.539 miriona tana i te tau 2021, me te tere tipu ā-tau o te 7.0%. Hei te tau 2025, e matapaetia ana ka eke te whakaputanga o te elastomer polyurethane o te ao ki te 4.495 miriona tana, e whakaatu ana i te ia o te whanaketanga tere me te pumau.
He tino pai te ātete ki te kakahu o te elastomer polyurethane thermoplastic (TPU). He teitei tōna kaha kume, he roa, he ātete ki te hinu, he iti te pāmahana, he ātete ki te huarere, he nui te ātete ki te ozone, ā, he whānui te whānuitanga o te pakeketanga. I ngā tau tata nei, kua whānui te whakamahinga mākete o te TPU mai i te umanga hū ki ngā mara mākete teitei pēnei i te rongoā, te rererangi, me te tiaki taiao. E ai ki ngā tatauranga, mai i te tau 2014 ki te 2021, ko te tere tipu ā-tau toharite o te hanga TPU i Haina he 14.5%. I te tau 2021, ko te putanga TPU o tōku whenua he tata ki te 645,000 tana. Kua riro tōku whenua hei whenua hanga TPU nui rawa atu o te ao. Kua piki haere tonu te putanga me te rahinga kaweake kupenga i ngā tau tata nei.
Mai i te tirohanga o te tono, ko te mākete TPU o te ao kei te arotahi ki Ūropi, te Hononga o Amerika, me ngā rohe o Āhia-Kiwa. I roto i ēnei, ko te rohe o Āhia e arahina ana e Haina te mākete rohe tere rawa atu i roto i te kai TPU o te ao. E ai ki ngā tatauranga a te Komiti Motuhake Whakapūmau o te Rōpū Ahumahi Polyurethane o Haina, ko te katoa o te kai o ngā hua polyurethane i tōku whenua i te tau 2018 i eke ki te 11.3 miriona tana, ā, ko te kai o ngā elastomers polyurethane (TPU+CPU) tata ki te 1.1 miriona tana %.
Ko te TPU tonu tētahi o ngā hua e tere ake ana te tipu o te polyurethane i roto i ngā rā kei te heke mai. Kua riro tōku whenua hei whenua kaihoko TPU nui rawa atu o te ao. E ai ki ngā tatauranga, ko te tere tipu ā-tau toharite o te whakamahinga TPU a Haina i te tau 2017-2021 i eke ki te 12.9%, ko te katoa o te whakamahinga i te tau 2021 he 602,000 tana, he pikinga 11.6% ia tau. I runga i te putanga TPU o te ao o te 1.09 miriona tana i te tau 2021, kua neke atu te whakamahinga TPU ā-rohe i te haurua o te ao. I te heke mai, ka kaha ake ngā hiahia mō ngā rauemi hū, te kiriata, ngā paipa, me ngā waea. I roto i te mara o ngā taputapu hauora, ngā waea taura, me te kiriata, ka whakakapia anō ngā rauemi PVC tuku iho. He tino tūponotanga ka whakakapia te EVA i roto i te mara o ngā rauemi hū. E matapaetia ana ka noho tonu te TPU ki te 10% i roto i te heke mai, arā, 10% neke atu rānei. E matapaetia ana ka eke tōna whakamahinga ki te 900,000 tāne i te tau 2026.
I te whānui haere o te tauine whakaputa, kua iti ake te utu o ngā hua polyurethane rapa, kua kanorau ake ngā momo, kua pai ake te tono mākete, ā, kua tere te whanaketanga ahumahi. I roto i te wā "Mahere Tau Rima Tekau mā Whā", me kaha te whakatairanga a te umanga Case i te whanaketanga o ngā hua i te huarahi ki te wai-aroaro, te kore-whakarewa, me te ihirangi totoka teitei; me whakanui ake i te whanaketanga a CASE me te whanaketanga hangarau hangai o te hanganga rauemi mata taketake, me te arotahi ki te tono polyphonus wai-ki-pyrodramine polytianmen; arotahi ki te whakahaere i te ariā taketake wai-aroaro me te rangahau hangarau miihini; whakapai ake i te mahi hua, whakawhanake i ngā hua hou, whakawhānui i te mara tono, me te whakatairanga i te hanganga hanganga hanganga hou i roto i te tereina tereina, te huarahi tere, te kauhanga piriti, te tuku hiko, me ētahi atu. Me te tono i roto i te mara hauora; whakatairanga i te tono hangarau o ngā piri polyurethane mō te kore formaldehyde hei tāpiri i ngā pereti horihori; whakawhanake i ngā hua haukini rerekē, mahi, me te uara-tāpiri teitei; whakapakari i te rangahau me te hangarau tono o te hanganga rauemi polyurethane ātete-wai, te mahi, te roa o te wā; Whakatairanga i te tono o ngā rauemi polyurethane i roto i ngā whare kua oti te hanga.
Ko ngā aronga matua o te whanaketanga o te mara elastomer ko:
Ngā elastomer polyurethane mō ngā motuka. Kei te whanake haere te umanga motuka o ēnei rā ki te mahi teitei, te kounga teitei, te mama, te whakamarie me te haumaru. Kei te whakakapi haere ngā rauemi whakarewa i ngā rauemi rapa me te kirihou, ā, ka tuwhera ake he huarahi whānui mō te tono o ngā elastomer polyurethane.
Ngā elastomer polyurethane mō te hanga. Kua āta whakakapia te rauemi ārai wai o te uku uku tuku iho ki te rauemi ārai wai polyurethane hanga pakari, whakauru; kua whānui haere te whakamahinga o ngā ara hākinakina polyurethane. Ko ngā hononga whānui o ngā piriti nui, ngā moenga o ngā rerewē tere tere, ngā ara rerewē taunga rererangi me ngā ara tereina ka āta hangaia ki te elastomer PVC ka whakapakeketia i te pāmahana rūma.
He elastomer polyurethane mō te whakamahi i te maina. He nui te hiahia mō ngā rauemi kore-whakarewa he ātete ki te kakahu, he kaha me te ngāwari ki ngā maina waro, ngā maina whakarewa me te kore-whakarewa.
Elastomer polyurethane mō ngā hu. He pai te mahi ārai o te polychloride ester, he mama, he ātete ki te kakahu, he ātete ki te paheke, ā, kua waiho hei rauemi tautoko nui i roto i te umanga hu.
He elastomer polyurethane mō te whakamahinga hauora. Ko te hototahitanga pai ki te koiora, te hototahitanga toto me te kore o ngā tāpiringa he take nui mō te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi TPU me te CPU i roto i te mara hauora. He whānui rawa tōna whakamahinga i roto i te mara hauora me te hauora.
He rau hiato polyurethane hou. E matapaetia ana ka kawea mai e te hangarau rauemi hiato he wā pahūtanga mākete hou mō ngā elastomers polyurethane.
Te whanaketanga o te "Mahere Tau Rima 14" o te umanga whakawhānui mekameka polyurethane
Mai i te tirohanga ā-ao, ko te tere o te whanaketanga o te ao hanga, te umanga motuka, ngā taputapu mohio hiko, te pūngao hou me ngā umanga tiaki taiao kua tino akiaki i te hiahia mō ngā hua polyurethane. Kei te haere tonu ngā kamupene polyurethane nunui o te ao ki te auaha i te hangarau me te tono, ā, ka haere tonu ki te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga me te whakaputanga o ngā hua polyurethane hou. I te whānui haere o ngā hua polyurethane i roto i te ao me te whānuitanga o te mākete taunga i raro iho, ka whakatairangahia e te kanorau o te hiahia mō ngā hua polyurethane te auahatanga tonu me te whanaketanga o ngā kaihoko mekameka polyurethane.
I roto i ngā tau 10 e whai ake nei, ka tere te whanaketanga o te whakamahinga o ngā hua polyurethane i ētahi wāhi motuhake. E tātari ana ngā tohunga ahumahi ka piki ake te hiahia o te ao mō te polyurethane i te tere o te 4.5% ia tau. I roto i ēnei, ko te tere tipu toharite o te hiahia mō te polyurethane i ia tau e kiia ana he 5.7% i roto i ngā mara o te pouaka whakamātao, te hu, te kakahu, te whakangahau me ētahi atu mara. Kua paku piki ake te hiahia i roto i te mara hua, ā, e matapaetia ana kia tata ki te 3.3% ia tau. Kua tautokona ngā whenua hou o te rohe o Āhia-Moana-nui-a-Kiwa e te hangarau auaha hei whakawhānui ake i ngā tono o raro, ā, ka eke te hiahia mō ngā polyurethane ki te tere tipu rua-mati ia tau.
Hei rauemi mata nui mō te umanga polyurethane, me whakatinana e te umanga tāpiri polyurethane o tōku whenua te ariā whanaketanga hou. Kei raro nei, ko te kaupapa o te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga kounga teitei o te umanga polyurethane, me te aronga o te whakatairanga i te umanga polyurethane ki te whakateretere i te hanganga o tētahi tauira whanaketanga hou o te "huringa-rua", me te arotahi ki te matomato, te waro-iti, me te panonitanga mamati. , Whakateretere i te hanganga o tētahi pūnaha ahumahi hou, whakatairanga i ngā "ngā ngoikoretanga" o ngā hua teitei, "hopu i ngā hangarau matua teitei", "whakatuwhera i tētahi huarahi hou" i roto i ngā hua tuku iho, me te whakatairanga i tōku whenua kia neke atu i te polyurethane ki tētahi whenua kaha.
I tēnei wā, kua noho te whakaroa mekameka polyurethane hei rauemi mata polyurethane e tika ana mō ngā kaupapa hanganga nui o te motu. Kei te whakapiki ake te umanga whakaroa mekameka polyurethane i te haumi auaha, e whanake ana i te huarahi tiaki taiao, te whai huatanga teitei me te kounga teitei. I te arotahi ki ngā hiahia o te rererangi, te mōhiohio hiko, te pūngao hou, ngā motuka, te tereina tereina, te kawe tereina, ngā huarahi tere, ngā piriti nui, te hauora me te tiaki whenua, ka tere ake te whakawhiti me te whakamahi i ngā whakatutukitanga hangarau whakaroa mekameka polyurethane hou hei whakapai ake i te taumata whanaketanga whānui o te umanga polyurethane.
Ko te aronga whanaketanga o te umanga whakaroa mekameka polyurethane ko te whakawhanake i ngā hua whakaroa mekameka kounga teitei, matomato, me te mahi tiaki taiao. Ehara i te mea he ma, he kore parahanga anake i roto i te tukanga whakaputa, engari he haumaru, he matomato hoki i roto i te tukanga whakamahinga hei whakatairanga i te matomato o te tukanga hanga hua polyurethane. Tuarua, kia whakawhānui ake i te whakamahinga o ngā hua whakaroa mekameka o nāianei, kia ki tonu ai te whakaroa mekameka ngaio o nāianei i te kaha tono hou. Ko te taumata hangarau o ētahi umanga whakaroa mekameka polyurethane ā-rohe he rite ki te taumata o ngā kamupene ao whānui, engari me rangahau tono atu kia mōhio ai te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakamahi ki te hiranga o ngā hua, inā koa ki te whakatairanga i ngā hua diamine kakara wai me te whakahaere watea me te mahi pai, me te whakamahi i te pānga tahi o te whakaroa mekameka hei penapena pūngao me te whakaiti i te kai me te utu. Ko te tuatoru ko te whakawhanake ake i ngā hua hou kia rite ki te hiahia o te mākete, ki te whakarato i ngā hua e tika ana me te kounga teitei ake mō te umanga polyurethane, ki te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te mākete o raro me te whakawhānui ake i te whānuitanga o te tono.
Mō ngā rauemi polyurethane rapa, he mea nui te whakaroa mekameka, he mea nui hoki, he nui te nui me te uara tāpiri, he mea nui tēnei mō te whakapai ake i te mahi a te hua. Hei tāpiri, i roto i ētahi atu rauemi polyurethane, tae atu ki ngā kirihou pahuka, he pānga nui tō te whakaroa mekameka polyurethane ki te whakapai ake i te mahi a te hua. I roto i te umanga polyurethane, he nui te wāhi o te mākete whakaroa mekameka polyurethane. Hei whakatairanga me te ārahi i te whanaketanga kounga teitei o te umanga polyurethane, me whakapakari te rangahau tono me te whakatairanga i te whakaroa mekameka polyurethane, me te whakawhanake i ngā momo whakaroa mekameka polyurethane pai ake me te maha atu i raro i te kaupapa o te aro ki te hauora, te penapena pūngao, te haumaru me te tiaki taiao me te mahi tono, kia nui ake ai te takoha ki te oranga pai ake o te tangata.
Wā tuku: Hui-tanguru-08-2023