I.Tirohanga Whānui o te Ahumahi me ngā Whakatairanga Hangarau
Ko te Polyacrylamide (PAM), tētahi o ngā matū maimoatanga wai tino nui, kua tino ahu whakamua i roto i te auahatanga hangarau me ngā tono mākete i ngā tau tata nei. E ai ki te pūrongo rangahau mākete hou, i eke te mākete PAM o te ao ki te $4.58 piriona i te tau 2023, ā, e matapaetia ana ka piki ki te $6.23 piriona i te tau 2028, me te tere tipu ā-tau o te 6.3%. Neke atu i te 65% o te whakamahinga katoa o te rāngai maimoatanga wai, ā, koinei te pūtake o te tipu o te ahumahi.
1. Ngā Huarahi Hou i roto i te Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)
I te tau 2023, i whakaputahia e tētahi rōpū rangahau mai i Te Whare Wānanga o te Pūtaiao me te Hangarau o Haina ngā kitenga nui i roto i te *Nature Water*, ā, i angitu te whakawhanake i tētahi rauemi APAM hou me ngā āhuatanga "tauhohe atamai". Mā te whakamahi i te hangarau tānga ngota, ka taea e tēnei hua te whakarerekē aunoa i tōna whirihoranga ngota i runga i ngā momo parahanga i roto i te wai, ka whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te tango i ngā katote konganuku taumaha mā te 40%, he mea tino pai mō te maimoatanga waipara o te maina. I whakaatuhia e ngā raraunga mara mai i tētahi kaupapa maimoatanga waipara o te maina parahi i Jiangxi kua eke tēnei rauemi ki te 99.2% te tango i ngā katote parahi, me te whakaiti i ngā utu maimoatanga mā te 35%.
I taua wā anō, i whakaurua mai e te kamupene Mitsubishi Chemical o Hapani tētahi raupapa APAM ātete-mahana teitei e mau tonu ana te mahi pumau i te 80-120°C, e aro ana ki ngā wero hangarau i roto i te maimoatanga wai para o te mara hinu me te hau. I whakaatuhia e tēnei hua he mahi tino pai i roto i te pūnaha maimoatanga wai mara hinu a Saudi Aramco, e whakatere ana i te tere o te hanganga floc mā te 50% me te whakaiti i te wā taunga ki te rua-hautoru o ngā hua tuku iho.
2. Ngā Whakapaitanga Hangarau i roto i te Cationic Polyacrylamide (CPAM)
Kua kitea ngā panonitanga nui i roto i te rāngai maimoatanga paru. I te tīmatanga o te tau 2024, i whakarewahia e te BASF o Tiamana tētahi hua CPAM taumaha-ira-teitei hou o te whakatupuranga me te taumaha ngota neke atu i te 20 miriona Dalton. Mā te hangarau hononga-whakawhiti motuhake, ka hangaia e tēnei hua he hanganga whatunga kiato ake i te wā e whakamaroke ana i te paru, ka eke ki te ihirangi makuku paru i muri i te whakamaroke i raro i te 58%—he whakapainga 10-ōrau-ira i runga i ngā hua tuku iho. Whai muri i te whakamahi i tēnei hangarau, i whakanui ake te Whare Maimoatanga Para o Paris i te kaha maimoatanga paru mā te 30% me te whakaiti i te whakamahinga matū mā te 15%.
He mea nui ake, i whakawhanakehia e tētahi kamupene hou o Hōrana he CPAM hanga-koiora mā te whakamahi i te hangarau whakatika ira CRISPR. I hangaia mā te whakapūtanga *E. coli* i hangaia, ka karohia katoatia e tēnei tukanga te whakamahinga o te monomer acrylamide, ka whakaitihia te paitini taiao o te hua mā te 90% me te tapahi i ngā tukunga waro mā te 65% i te wā whakaputa. Ahakoa kei te piki ake tonu ngā utu o nāianei ~20% i ngā tikanga hanga matū, e tumanakohia ana he painga whakataetae nui ina tutuki te whakaputanga tauine i te tau 2026.
3. Ngā Whakamahinga Whānui o te Polyacrylamide Konioni (NPAM)
E whakaatu ana te NPAM i ngā painga ahurei i roto i te maimoatanga wai motuhake. I te mutunga o te tau 2023, i whakaurua e Dow Chemical tētahi raupapa NPAM pH-tairongo e whakarerekē aunoa ana i te toronga mekameka ngota i roto i te pH 2-12, e whakapai ake ana i te pai o te hopu i ngā totoka i whakatārewatia i roto i te tauine nano mā te 3-5 ngā wā. Kua angitu te whakamahi i tēnei hangarau i roto i te whakarite wai tino parakore mō te umanga semiconductor, e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa kounga wai o te 18.2 MΩ·cm.
I whakawhanakehia e ngā kairangahau o Kōrea ki te Tonga he NPAM pirau-mārama-kitea mā te whakauru i ngā wae hanganga azobenzene. Ka taea e ngā polymer toenga te pirau hei matū ngota iti i roto i ngā hāora 48 i raro i te mārama taiao, ka whakatau katoa i ngā take toenga PAM tuku iho. Kua whakamātauhia tēnei hangarau i roto i ētahi tipu wai inu o Seoul, me te tumanako ka hokohokohia i te tau 2025.
II. Ngā Āhuatanga o te Mākete me ngā Whanaketanga ā-Rohe
1. Ngā Huringa o te Āhua o te Mākete o te Ao
Kua riro te rohe o Āhia-Moana-nui-a-Kiwa hei mākete PAM tino tere te tipu, e 46% o te kai o te ao i te tau 2023, ā, ko Haina te nuinga o te tipu. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga mai i te China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation i eke te hanga PAM a Haina ki te 920,000 tana i te tau 2023, me ngā kawemai e pupuri ana i te tere tipu ā-tau 15%—ina koa mō ngā hua CPAM teitei, kei reira tonu te whakawhirinaki ki ngā kawemai tae noa ki te 40%.
He rerekē ngā au o te mākete Pākehā. Nā ngā ture taiao pakari i akiaki, i piki ake te wāhi mākete o ngā hua PAM pirau-koiora mai i te 8% i te tau 2020 ki te 22% i te tau 2023. I panuitia e Veolia o Wīwī ngā mahere ki te whakakapi katoa i te CPAM tuku iho ki ngā momo rerekē matomato i te tau 2026.
Ko te mākete o Amerika Te Raki, e akiakihia ana e te whanaketanga o te hau shale, kei te kaha tonu te tono APAM. I piki ake ngā kawemai PAM o Amerika mā te 18% i te tau 2023, ā, e 60% i whakamahia mō te maimoatanga waipara o te hinu me te hau. He mea nui, kua puta ake a Mexico hei pokapū whakaputa hou, me te maha o ngā kamupene o te ao e whakatū ana i ngā turanga whakaputa ā-rohe.
2. Te Utu me te Āhuatanga o te Mekameka Tuku
Mai i te tau 2023 ki te tau 2024, i pāngia ngā mākete rauemi mata PAM e ngā pikinga nui. I eke ngā utu o te monomer acrylamide ki ngā taumata teitei o mua i te hauwhā tuatoru o te tau 2023, engari i hoki anō ki ngā taumata whaitake i te hauwhā tuarua o te tau 2024 i te mea kua tāpirihia e Haina he kaha whakaputa hou. Heoi, i piki tonu ngā utu o te reagent cationic DMC (methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) nā te iti o te tuku propylene oxide i te taha whakarunga, ā, kua piki ake ngā utu whakaputa CPAM mā te 12-15%.
Mō ngā mekameka tuku, i tere ake te whakaurunga poutū a ngā kaiārahi ahumahi. I whakangaohia e Solvay Group te €300 miriona ki tētahi turanga whakaputa hou i Belgium, e āhei ai te whakaputa tukatuka katoa mai i te acrylonitrile ki ngā hua whakamutunga. E matapaetia ana ka whakarewaina i te tau 2025, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā utu whānui mā te 20%. I neke ngā umanga iti me te rahi ki te aro ki te motuhaketanga—hei tauira, i arotahi a Italmatch o Itari ki te whakawhanake i ngā whakatakotoranga APAM motuhake mō te tango tote i te wai moana.
Wā tuku: Mei-09-2025